Evolution of
Parasitic Life Cycles
1. How did complex life cycles in trematodes evolve? (What
are the hypotheses to explain how these life cycles evolved to
include multiple hosts and larval stages?)
In order to reduce mortality rate and increase efficiency
two methods were found in the life cycles of trematodes. The upward
incorporation has a new definitive host from a high level of the
foodweb and this
host preys on the old definitive host (become intermediate) and are
then combined together as one which reduces reproduction. The
downward incorporation has a new intermediate host combined to a
lower level of the food web and therefore, reduces mortality and
makes it easier to go to the original host. Having multiple host is
usually facultative
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