what role dose
risk play in dentistry ?
The risk is often defined as the product of the likelihood of
a harmful or undesirable event or action occurring (or a hazard'
as described in some contexts) and the consequence of the event,
for example, the severity of harm caused (Europe Economics.2014).
With this in intention,The risk in the dental field is mostly
negative and relies on hazards (something with the potential to
cause harm) not only to the dental practitioners but also to the
patients. There are a dozen risks that might have an effect on the
dental clinician, for example, the possibility of being exposed to
infection or injury throughout any procedure or long-term pain and
disability due to stress working posture. Moreover, the patients
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This goal could
be achieved through diverse preventive approaches. One of the
foremost implemented preventive measures is community
water
fluoridation.
Community water fluoridation is "the controlled addition of
fluoridecompound to a public water supply to achieve a
concentration optimal for
dental
cariesprevention" (Rockville,2000, cited in Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention, 2015, p.1). Notwithstanding the general
perception of community water fluoridation worldwide, which
recognizes it as an opportunity, some opponents see it as a hazard.
In other word Adding or adjusting the level of fluoride in
the public water supply, knowing that everyone in the community
will consume that amount of fluoride, could be perceived as a risk;
it could be harmful or beneficial. In 1945, Grand Rapids, Michigan
took this risky step by being the first city in the world to
establish a community water fluoridation system. This action was
taken after many studies showed a remarkable a relationship between
fluoride levels in the water and reduced prevalence of dental
caries11,12 (American Dental Association,
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and it can
found naturally in some foods and beverages, like fish and tea, and
also normally exist in most of the water supply, but the
concentration is different. Fluoride helps in increasing tooth
strength and makes it more decay-resistant. Also, it helps the
tooth repair in the early decay stage through remineralization.
Fluoride could be applied typically, like toothpaste, fluoride
varnish, and mouth rinse, or it may be used systemically through a
different approach, like fluoridated salt and fluoride tablets.
Water fluoridation provides both types of exposure.
"The value of water fluoridation is recognized
internationally. Countries and geographic regions with extensive
water fluoridation include the U.S., Australia, Brazil, Canada,
Chile, Columbia, Ireland, Israel, Malaysia, New Zealand, People's
Republic of China (Hong Kong only), Singapore and the United
Kingdom" (American Dental Association, 2005).
Molly (2013) states, "Many countries now have fluoridated
water, and, at least, a dozen countries have greater than 40
percent population coverage"(Jones, 2005). In 2008, fluoridated
water in the United States reached an estimated 64 percent of the
total population and approximately 72 percent of the population who
had access to public water systems.(Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention 2012). The percentage of people receiving fluoridated
water has doubled in the last 50 years.(U.S. Department
of
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