Introduction
The large number of people crossing international borders has
been well publicized in the twenty first century, (Marsella &
Ring, 2003; Sloan, 2005). Immigration increases have often been
accompanied by negative attitudes toward the migrants (Yakushko,
2009). Immigration has been the subject of many political debates
in countries throughout the world (Munro, 2006; Crush &
Ramachandran, 2010). Xenophobia in the United States and the
European Union has been publicized and recorded, (Smith &
Edmonston, 1997;; Pettigrew, 1998, Finzsch & Schirmer, 2002).
This phenomenon is also occurring in Asia, Africa, and Latin
America but probably not as well known. (e.g., Crush, 2001; Vale,
2002).
Xenophobia has been defined as attitudinal and
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Also, in a more
current study, Moïsi (2009) concluded that when confronted with
immigration, both the USA and Europe are dominated by a fear of
the other as well as a fear of losing national identity and
purpose. Since the importance of the fear dimension of xenophobia
has been recognized, it is important to select a research
instrument that measures this
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(2001) the dark
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